PSG has now secured the prestigious cup on 14 separate occasions.
Paris Saint-Germain needed a stoppage-time leveler followed by a perfect penalty shootout to get past their arch-rivals in Kuwait and secure a fourth straight French Super Cup title.
The Champions League holders seemed to be coasting towards a comfortable triumph in the match featuring the Ligue 1 winners and the Coupe de France winners after Ousmane Dembele found the scoring early on.
Yet, Marseille struck two times late to seize a surprise lead. Initially, the English forward scored from the spot-kick, before Willian Pacho unfortunately directed the ball into his own net for an own goal.
In a remarkable turn of fortune, the Portuguese striker snatched a crucial equaliser in the final moments to send the match into a deciding shootout. The Parisian shot-stopper Chevalier then stood as the hero, saving decisive attempts from O'Riley and Traore.
From the spot, Ramos, the midfielder, Nuno Mendes, and the young talent all converted with composure for Paris Saint-Germain to seal a convincing penalty victory.
The record winners PSG, who faced last season's Ligue 1 second-placed team Olympique de Marseille after completing a domestic double, have now lifted this trophy for the 12th time in the last 13 seasons.